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Eukaryotic Cell, July 2008, p. 1200-1210, Vol. 7, No. 7
1535-9778/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/EC.00063-08
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Histone Acetyltransferase Inhibitor Anacardic Acid Causes Changes in Global Gene Expression during In Vitro Plasmodium falciparum Development ^,

Long Cui,^1, Jun Miao,^1, Tetsuya Furuya,^2, Qi Fan,¹ Xinyi Li,¹ Pradipsinh K. Rathod,³ Xin-zhuan Su,² and Liwang Cui^1*

Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, 501 ASI Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802,¹ Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,² Bagley Hall 192H, Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195³

Received 17 February 2008/ Accepted 6 May 2008

To better understand the role of histone lysine acetylation in transcription in Plasmodium falciparum, we sought to attenuate histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity using anacardic acid (AA). We showed that AA reversibly and noncompetitively inhibited the HAT activity of recombinant PfGCN5. To a lesser extent, AA inhibited the PfGCN5 activity in parasite nuclear extracts but did not affect histone deacetylase activity. AA blocked the growth of both chloroquine-sensitive and -resistant strains, with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 30 µM. Treatment of the parasites with 20 µM of AA for 12 h had no obvious effect on parasite growth or gross morphology but induced hypoacetylation of histone H3 at K9 and K14, but not H4 at K5, K8, K12, and K16, suggesting inhibition of the PfGCN5 HAT. Microarray analysis showed that this AA treatment resulted in twofold or greater change in the expression of 271 (5%) parasite genes in late trophozoites, among which 207 genes were downregulated. Cluster analysis of gene expression indicated that AA mostly downregulated active genes, and this gene pool significantly overlapped with that enriched for H3K9 acetylation. We further demonstrated by chromatin immunoprecipitation and real-time PCR that AA treatment reduced acetylation near the putative promoters of a set of downregulated genes. This study suggests that the parasiticidal effect of AA is at least partially associated with its inhibition of PfGCN5 HAT, resulting in the disturbance of the transcription program in the parasites.

Published ahead of print on 16 May 2008.

Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://ec.asm.org/.

Equal contribution to the work.

Present address: American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA 20110.